Treatment

Drugs

Current Alzheimer's medications can help for a time with memory symptoms and other cognitive changes. Two types of drugs are currently used to treat cognitive symptoms:

• Cholinesterase inhibitors. These drugs work by boosting levels of cell-to-cell communication by preserving a chemical messenger that is depleted in the brain by Alzheimer's disease. These are usually the first medications tried, and most people see modest improvements in symptoms.

  Cholinesterase inhibitors may also improve neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as agitation or depression. Commonly prescribed cholinesterase inhibitors include donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne) and rivastigmine (Exelon).

  The main side effects of these drugs include diarrhea, nausea, loss of appetite and sleep disturbances. In people with certain heart disorders, serious side effects may include cardiac arrhythmia.

• Memantine (Namenda). This drug works in another brain cell communication network and slows the progression of symptoms with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. It's sometimes used in combination with a cholinesterase inhibitor. Relatively rare side effects include dizziness and confusion.

In June 2021, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved aducanumab (Aduhelm) for the treatment of some cases of Alzheimer's disease. This is the first drug approved in the United States to treat the underlying cause of Alzheimer's by targeting and removing amyloid plaques in the brain. The FDA approved the drug on the condition that further studies be conducted to confirm the drug's benefit. Experts also need to identify which patients may benefit from the drug.

Sometimes other medications such as antidepressants may be prescribed to help control the behavioral symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Creating a safe and supportive environment

Adapting the living situation to the needs of a person with Alzheimer's disease is an important part of any treatment plan. For someone with Alzheimer's, establishing and strengthening routine habits and minimizing memory-demanding tasks can make life much easier.

You can take these steps to support a person's sense of well-being and continued ability to function:

• Always keep keys, wallets, mobile phones and other valuables in the same place at home, so they don't become lost.
• Keep medications in a secure location. Use a daily checklist to keep track of dosages.
• Arrange for finances to be on automatic payment and automatic deposit.
• Have the person with Alzheimer's carry a mobile phone with location capability so that a caregiver can track its location. Program important phone numbers into the phone.
• Install alarm sensors on doors and windows.
• Make sure regular appointments are on the same day at the same time as much as possible.
• Use a calendar or whiteboard in the home to track daily schedules. Build the habit of checking off completed items.
• Remove excess furniture, clutter and throw rugs.
• Install sturdy handrails on stairways and in bathrooms.
• Ensure that shoes and slippers are comfortable and provide good traction.
• Reduce the number of mirrors. People with Alzheimer's may find images in mirrors confusing or frightening.
• Make sure that the person with Alzheimer's carries identification or wears a medical alert bracelet.
• Keep photographs and other meaningful objects around the house.